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Text File | 1985-11-13 | 18.7 KB | 420 lines

LEONARDO Graphics Assistant Leonardo is a full featured graphics editor for the IBM-PC and compatible. Leo is designed to make efficient use of the keyboard so that a mouse is not required. The products of Leonardo are 4 color graphics screens and screen and Icon files. Leo's artworks can be easily used in BASIC programs. Now all your BASIC programs can benefit from the impact of full color graphics. Leonardo also has a built-in slide show feature that can be used to produce colorful and informative presentations. Getting Started: To start the program insert the disk in the current default disk drive and type "leonardo" and hit return. The program will first look on the disk for a slide show script called "start.sho". If Start.sho exists it will be loaded and run. Otherwise leo will display an error message. If you get an error message don't worry, just hit any key and the message will go away. You may stop the slide show at any time by pressing the ESC key. You're now ready to create pictures. On the screen you will see a small arrow. This is the Pen. You will also find a small plus sign. This is called the Mark. You can move the pen around the screen with the cursor control keys located on the number-pad area of the keyboard. All 8 direction keys are active (up, down, left, right, and the 4 diagonals). Only the pen moves, the mark is stationary. While you can't move the mark directly you can do two things with it. You may swap the pen and mark with the ESC key, and you cam move the mark to the pen's location with the INS key. To draw lines with the pen first select a color using the numbers 0 thru 3 (0 is the background color). To turn-on the pen hit the ENTER key. Now wherever you move the pen it draws a line. To change colors just type the number of the color you want. To turn the pen off hit ENTER again. In addition to the Pen and Mark there are 3 other graphics cursors available, the Box, the Alpha cursor and the User cursor. To select a different cursor hit the backspace key (BKSP). Hit backspace once and you will have the Box. The Box works the same way as the pen but it draws a wide line. The Box is useful for erasing also. Hit BKSP again and you will have the Alpha cursor. Now any letter key you press will be displayed on the screen in the current text style, color and size. When you are using a cursor other than the alpha cursor, typing a letter on the keyboard will access one of Leonardo's many commands. The meaning and uses of the commands are described on the pages that follow. Keyboard Layout Overview: ┌──────┐ ┌──────────────────────────────┬──────┐ ┌───────────────────┐ │ │ │ Numbers 0-4 select color │<-BKSP│<│--Change cursor │ │ Icon │ └──────────────────────────────┴──────┘ │ │ │ │ ┌────────────────────────────────┬────┐ │ │ │ GET │ │ │Entr│ │ \ ^ / │ │ │ │ Use letters to │line│ │ Cursor │ │ PUT │ │ envoke commands │mode│ │ <- -> │ │ │ │ │ on │ │ Control │ │ │ │ └────┤ │ / v \ │ │ │ └─────────────────────────────────────┘ │ draw │ ├──────┤ ┌───────────────────────────────┐ │ Pen-mark line │ │ UNDO │ │ Space= put down dot │ └───────────────────┘ └──────┘ └───────────────────────────────┘ Alpha Mode Alpha mode is entered by selecting the alpha cursor using the backspace key [<-]. In alpha mode, letters will be displayed on the screen as they are typed. To enter a command, you must first leave alpha mode by selecting another cursor (again using the backspace key). You may select the size, color and style of the characters by using the "a" command. Block commands: Many of the commands in leonardo work on blocks of the screen. The block is the area bounded by the two cursors, the pen and the mark. To use the block command first specify the area of the screen affected by placing the pointer and mark in opposite corners. Then invoke the command by typing it's letter. '\ = pen -|- = mark Block Commands: c - Circle d - Shadow m - Mottle x - eXchange colors q - sQuare o - Outline r - Reverse image Icon capture is also determined by the block location. Help Screen Two HELP facilities are provided for your convenience. The "h" command displays several windows of information suitable for quick reference. There is also a help screen on the disk which may be loaded using the "l", load command. CAUTION: loading the help screen over- writes the current display. You may save your display with the F9 key before you load HELP.SCR. and then restore your display with F10 after you have referred to the help information. Icons Icons are small areas or blocks of the screen which may be capt- ured and moved around on the screen. The 10 function keys control the capture, display and storage of icons. The area of the screen to be remembered as an icon is boxed by placing the pen and mark at opposite corners of the block. Then press F1. This GETS icon 1. Whatever was in the block is now remembered in icon 1. To display icon 1 on the screen hit F2. F2 PUTS icon 1 on the screen. If you put an icon on top of itself it disappears. This is because icons are displayed in an exclusive OR logical operation (this may be changed using the "i" command). Using Icons you may move objects around the screen. First GET the icon. Then PUT the icon on top of itself, making it disappear. Now move to a new location and PUT the icon again. You have just moved an object. Not all the icons are the same size. F1 gets an icon up to 1/4 of the screen in size. F3 gets an icon up to 1/8 of the screen while F5 and F7 get icons up to 1/16 and 1/32 of a screen respectively. This saves on disk space when the icon is saved to disk. F9 and F10 have a special use (see the UNDO command). Icons may be saved to disk and recalled later. This is done by holding the ALT key and pressing F1 to load an icon (alternate get source=disk). Similarly ALT-F2 "PUTS" the icon to the disk. ALT F3...F10 work the same way. Function Keys - Icon control f1-f2 Get, put ICON1 4Kb f3-f4 Get, put ICON2 2Kb f5-f6 Get, put ICON3 1Kb f7-f8 Get, put ICON4 500 bytes f9-f10 Get, put ICON5 Whole screen ALT Function keys: Icon storage ALT f1 Load ICON1 from disk ALT f2 Save ICON1 to disk ALT f3-f4 Load, save ICON2 ALT f5-f6 Load, save ICON3 ALT f7-f8 Load, save ICON4 ALT f9-f10 Load, save ICON5 Patterns - mixing paints. The zoom editor does double duty as the pattern maker. You may edit a pattern in the pattern memory without affecting the screen with the "e", Edit command. You may repeat your pattern over an area of the screen with the pattern option of the Mottle, "m", command. To do this first put your pattern in pattern memory with either the "z", Zoom or "e", Edit commands. Next mark the area you want to pattern by placing the pen and mark in opposite corners of the block. Next hit "m" for the mottle command. Choose the "p", pattern option. The pattern may be put over everything or just over a certain color, it's your choice. Reverse image You may reverse an image, i.e. make a mirror image of something with the "r" command. You may reverse it in the up/down or left/right direction. This is a block command so you will have to specify the area that you want to reverse by placing the pen and mark in opposite corners of the block. Hit "r" and answer the prompt as to up/down or left/right. Whatever was in the block will then be inverted. Slide Shows Leonardo provides a built in slide show capability with the "t" (scripT) command. In the script window you may "a" Add or "d" Delete items from the script. You may also save your completed script with the "s" command and load it later with "l". To write a script you simply add items (screens or icons) to the script. Enter the name of the screen or icon, its location (not neces- sary for screens) and the pause time in seconds. Optionally, "k" may be entered for the pause time in which case the computer will wait for a key to be hit. When leonardo first starts it will look on the disk for a script called "start.sho". If "start.sho" is present it will be loaded and run. UNDO - Recovering from mistakes. A convenient UNDO facility is provided in two parts. First, function key F9 remembers the current display screen. Later, F10 will restore the screen to the way it was remembered by the F9 command. User cursor - make your own. Leonardo provides several types of graphics cursors: a pen for fine lines, a box for erasing and fat lines, and the alpha cursor for letters. There is one other cursor that you may use. It is called the user cursor because you get to design it yourself with the "u" command. It can be any size from 2X2 to 15X15 and it is created the same way you make patterns, with the "zoom" editor. When you are using the user cursor the color that you specify (by typing a number key) affects the mode in which the user cursor image is put on the screen. You'll just have to experiment with it a little. Window - work space The "w" command opens a window about 1/4 of the screen in size. You may work in the window without disturbing the screen. Pressing "w" again closes the window and returns the screen to the way it was. This is convenient for trying things when you don't want to mess up your picture. ZOOM - pixel editor The Zoom command, "z", allows you to enlarge a portion of the screen for fine detail editing. Place the pen in the upper left corner of the area you wish to expand and hit "z". That area of the screen will be enlarged. Now you may use the cursor keys to move the pointer around the enlarged view. To change the color of a pixel just hit the number of the color you want. Hit [enter] when you are done and the changes you made will be put on the screen. The size of the zoom frame can be varied from 2X2 to 15X15 with the "Z" command. Interfacing to BASIC The screen files and icon files produced by Leonardo are easily incorporated into your own BASIC programs. Remember, you must be in color graphics mode (SCREEN 1). Screen Files: Screen files are usually saved by Leonardo with an SCR extension added to the file name. Screen files are stored as the memory image of the IBM display memory. Display memory starts at address B800 hex. To load a screen file use the following subroutine: 10 SCREEN 1 100 ' Screen Load Subroutine 110 DEF SEG=&HB800 120 BLOAD "fname.scr",0 Icon Files: Icon files are saved with an .LEO extension. Icons can be used with the BASIC GET and PUT commands to produce animation. Icon data is loaded into single precision arrays. Since the Icons come in several different sizes you should dimension your array just large enough to hold the icon. 100 ' Subroutine to Load and Display Icon 110 dim I(1000) ' large icon, 1/4 screen 120 bload "file.leo",varptr(I(0)) ' load icon 130 put (50,70),I ' display icon The following program segment demonstrates how icons may be moved smoothly to produce animation. The idea is to first PUT the icon to the screen, then wait a short time so the viewer can see the picture (you may calculate the new position during this time). When you are ready to move the icon first PUT it again it the old location (this erases the first image of the icon) then PUT it to the new location. After a short pause repeat the process. 150 put (x,y),I ' Display the image 160 xx=x : yy=y ' remember old location 170 x=x+1 : y=y+1 ' Calculate new position 180 PUT (xx,yy),i ' erase old image 190 goto 150 ' repeat process Appendix A: Command Summary Commands: 1 Select color 1 2 Select color 2 3 Select color 3 4,0 Select color 0 In all cases the keys 4 and 0 may be used interchangeably when referring to colors. a Alpha settings You may set the color, size and style of type. b Background color Select one of 16 colors for the background. c Circle The circle will be drawn in the current color. It will be centered about the pen. The size and shape of the circle or ellipse is determined by the positions of the pen and marker. C Clear the screen. d Shadow When prompted you supply the shadow color, the object color and the direction in which the shadow is cast. e Edit zoom pattern You may change the pattern in memory without affecting the screen. This can be used to make a pattern which can then be put-down using the Mottle command. f Toggle fast cursor (5<->1) If the cursor speed is slow (<5) then this command will increase it to 5. If the cursor speed is fast (>=5) then it will return the speed to 1. h,? Help windows Opens a window on the screen which contains a quick reference to the commands. Hit any key to get the next window. There are 8 windows in all. Hit BKSP to see the previous window. m Mottel (pattern over color) Use this command to add texture to solid color areas. Select a pattern by pressing the space bar to view your choices of pattern types. Hit ENTER to indicate your choice. You will be prompted for the pattern color and the color over which the pattern is to be put. One option is to select the zoom pattern as the pattern color by selecting "p" when asked for the pattern color. o Outline You may outline one color with any other color. p Paint You will be prompted for the boarder color and the paint color. The area contiguous with the pen and bounded by the boarder will be filled with the paint color. P Palette The palette is the color set in use. There are 2 Palettes available. Palette 1: Cyan, Magenta, White Palette 2: Brown, Red, Yellow. Any background color may be used with either palette. q Square Draws a square defined by the pen and mark in the current color. r Reverse image Reverse the image bounded by the block either left- right or up-down. s Save the screen Saves the current screen to the disk as a 16K file. T Begin slide show Starts the show currently in memory t Write slide show Opens the slide show editing window. You may edit the script of the show using the subcommands below: a - Add item to script d - Delete an item from script l - Load a script from disk s - Save a script to disk up-curs - view previous item dn-curs - view last item u User cursor You may use or edit the USER cursor. The USER cursor is a graphics cursor that you can define to be any color or shape that you want. You may use it for drawing also. w Open window The window is an area about 1/4 of the screen in size that you can work in without affecting the screen. Hit "w" once to open the window; hit it again to close the window. x Exchange colors Exchange one color for another inside the block. Z Change zoom pattern size Sizes from 2x2 to 15x15 are allowed. z Zoom Expands the area defined by the zoom size and having the pen pointing to the upper left corner. You may edit the image pixel by pixel using the cursor control keys and the numbers 0-4 for the colors. When ENTER is pressed the edited image is put on the screen. & Status Provides the x and y cursor location and current color. * Line alpha mode Type characters in normal IBM 40 column mode until the next carriage return. + Increase cursor speed Increases cursor speed by 1 unit. - Decrease cursor speed Decreases cursor speed by 1 unit. Appendix B: Keyboard Controls Cursor Control Group ^ v <- -> Move Cursor <ENTER> Toggle draw mode <--(BKSP) Select cursor type ESC Exchange pointer and mark INS Bring marker to pointer DEL Draw line in current color SPACE Draw dot in current color Function Keys f1-f2 Get, put ICON1 4Kb f3-f4 Get, put ICON2 2Kb f5-f6 Get, put ICON3 1Kb f7-f8 Get, put ICON4 500 bytes f9-f10 Get, put ICON5 Whole screen ALT Function keys: Icon storage ALT f1 Load ICON1 from disk ALT f2 Save ICON1 to disk ALT f3-f4 Load, save ICON2 ALT f5-f6 Load, save ICON3 ALT f7-f8 Load, save ICON4 ALT f9-f10 Load, save ICON5 ICON# MAX SIZE BYTES ----------------------------------------- 1 1/4 screen 4000 2 1/8 screen 2000 3 1/16 screen 1000 4 1/32 screen 500 5 whole screen 16000